Adult Scoliosis Research Paper Example

Adult Scoliosis Research Paper Example Adult Scoliosis Paper Adult Scoliosis Paper Introduction All spines have curves, but the spine develops curves in the wrong direction sideways. It is natural for the spine to curve forward and backward to a certain degree; giving the spine an S-like shape. When a persons spine twists to develop an S-shaped side-to-side curve, then this condition is known as scoliosis. A 14th century woman who suffered from scoliosis, Limburgs Museum Venlo A scoliosis curve can occur in different areas of the spine. The abnormal curve can occur in the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, or both areas at the same time. The curves can range from10 degrees to more than 100 degrees. The degree of curvature from the normal is a measure of the severity of scoliosis is. It helps the surgeon decide what treatment to be given. Curves less than 40 degrees will be treated without while curves above this amount might require a surgery. Diagnosis Scoliosis if suspected in an adult, appropriate treatment plan can be developed after a thorough diagnosis. History To make a proper diagnosis and rule out other possible conditions, history of patient is taken in the first step. Family History Scoliosis tends to have a genetic cause. The doctor want to know if anyone else in your family has scoliosis. Date of Onset – Time when first noticed the appearance of your spinal condition. Measured Curve Progression This is be measured by comparing new X-rays with old ones, measuring the rib hump, or changes in height. Presence or Absence of Pain If there is pain, doctor needs to know where and what brings on or induces the pain, and if there is any pain that radiates away from the spine, it usually comes from irritation of the nerves as they leave from the spine. Bowel or Bladder Dysfunction If you are having problems when you urinate or have a bowel movement it could signal the presence of serious nerve damage. Physical Exam A physical examination is performed. During the exam, the spine specialist will try get an understanding of the curve in your back and how it is affecting you. The provider will measure the size of the rib hump deformity and the flexibility you have bending in certain directions. Finally, your nerves will be tested by: checking your sensation, your reflexes, and the strength of your muscles. Additional Tests Usually, after the examination, X-rays will be ordered that allow the provider to see the structure of the spine and measure the curve. With scoliosis the following images may be taken: Front view, Lateral view and Lateral bend and Traction films Depending on the outcome of your history, physical examination and initial X-rays, other tests may be taken to look at specific aspects of the spine. The most common tests that are ordered are: the MRI scan to look at the nerves and spinal cord; the CAT scan to get a better picture of the vertebral bones; and special nerve tests to determine if any nerves are being irritated or pinched. Treatment for Adult Scoliosis Adult scoliosis has a variety of treatment options. The first choice of treatment for adult scoliosis is always going to be conservative. Spinal surgery will always be the last choice of treatment due to the risks involved. Conservative treatment that is commonly recommended includes: medications, exercise, and certain types of braces to support the spine. Physical Therapy Exercise and Physical therapy is an important part of treating adult scoliosis. A well-designed exercise program can also provide pain relief in many patients. A physical therapist will develop an appropriate exercise routine for your case. It is essential that you stick to the plan. Surgery Surgery for adult scoliosis carries relatively high risks. For this reason, surgery is only recommended when the risks are far outweighed by the expected benefits. Surgery will not be recommended for most cases of scoliosis, particularly in curves of less than 40 degrees. Surgery may be recommended in the following situations: * Pain The most common reason for surgery is pain relief for increasing, chronic discomfort. About 85 percent of adult scoliosis surgeries are done to relieve severe pain. * Progression of Curve Progression of the scoliosis deformity is another reason for considering surgery. If the curvature continues to worsen, and it gets beyond 40 to 45 degrees, surgery may be suggested. * Cosmetics In most cases of scoliosis, surgery will not be recommended simply for the sake of appearances. However, in some cases, the scoliosis causes physical deformity that is unbearable to the patient. Possible Complications/Problems with Surgery. There is a risk of complications with any surgery. When surgery is done near the spine and spinal cord these complications if they occur can be very serious. Complications could involve subsequent pain and impairment and the need for additional surgery. Doctor can evaluate your condition and inform you of the risks of any medical treatment he or she may recommend. In addition, the surgical treatment of adult scoliosis may result in two special complications: Flat-back Deformity The lumbar (lower) spine naturally has a C-shaped curve called lordosis. When the vertebrae in the lumbar spine are fused together, this lordosis curve may be lost, leaving the patient with a flat-back deformity. However, the loss of curve may not appear right after surgery. In fact, if the surgery it is done in a young person, the loss of lordosis may not appear until sometime between the ages of 30 to 50. Pseudoarthrosis The term pseudoarthrosis means false joint. A surgeon uses this term to describe either a fractured bone that has not healed or an attempted fusion that has not been successful. A pseudoarthrosis usually means that there is motion between the two bones that should be healed, or fused, together. When the vertebrae involved in a surgical fusion do not heal and fuse together, there is usually continued pain. The pain may increase over time. The spinal motion can also stress the metal hardware used to hold the fusion. The screws and rods may break, leading to an increase in pain. A pseudoarthrosis may require more surgery to try to get the bones to heal. Surgeons may add more bone graft, replace the metal hardware, or add an electrical stimulator to try to get the fusion to heal. Conclusion Journal of the American Medical Association (2003) published a 50-year follow-up study in the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions and mental health of idiopathic scoliosis patients are comparable to those of the general population. Larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, patients not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression. Females have a greater risk of progression. References 1. Adult Scoliosis | University of Maryland Medical centre http://umm. edu/programs/spine/health/guides/adult-scoliosis#ixzz2eJF7wEMP 2. Weiss HR, Scoliosis-related pain in adults: Treatment influences, European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3/3 (1993): 91–94. 3. Scoliosis Research Society website Prepared and submitted to FRS Training Centre by Biju John Tutor: Anita Greene.

Mun Policy Statement Example Essays

Mun Policy Statement Example Essays Mun Policy Statement Example Essay Mun Policy Statement Example Essay LANDMINE CLEARANCE policy statetment Landmines have existed since the 19th century; many people from all around the world have been victims to bombs. Landmines continue to kill nearly 20,000 people every year, even decades after the ending of the conflicts for which they were placed. Land mines were designed for two main uses: to create defensive tactical barriers and slowing an invasion forces progress to allow reinforcements to arrive. But today it’s claiming more lives every week. Land mines are weapons of mass destruction in slow motion. Currently, The International Campaign to Ban Landmines, ICBL, is urging all governments to protest against Syria’s use of Landmines on its borders with Turkey and Lebanon. The Syrian army has been seen planting landmines along routes used to reach Turkey. It is reported that thousands of Syrians used these paths to flee to safety over the border, which is why locals have begun to restore access by removing the mines at great personal risk. Already reports have been received that a family of five was injured recently when trying to cross the minefields. Germany signed the Ottawa Treaty on the 3rd of December 1997. It has been helping the NSAWG (NON-STATE ACTORS WORKING GROUP) which was a movement inside ICBL that consists of campaigns to stop anti-personal landmines. This matter should be taken seriously and considered cautiously. The delegate would like to suggest that the UN create a demining battalion that would help the countries that need to get rid of their unwanted and dangerous mines. This way the UN would support restoring these fields to a good environment and it wouldn’t cost any more innocent civilian lives. Clauses: rges that the UN creates a organization that trains and handle minesweepers that has been hired by this organization. This Organization will supply the best equipmentand PPE ( Proctective Personal Equipment) for the minesweepers to be sure that they come back alive from the clearance on the minefield and the job is done. Minesweepers is the humanitarian way of clearing mines. This way the surrounding environment and the minefield itself would be preserved. This organization will give help to countries that needs help with their mine field clearing. Our target is to clear and preserve, this clause says it all. LAKE VICTORIA 2nd policy statement Honorable chairs and esteemed delegates, Water is on of the basic needs of a human being. Water is important to all beings. Clean water comes from a clean source but lake victoria is no longer a clean source of water. It’s water now contains raw sewage and rubbish. It is no longer available for human use. Fisherman also depend on this lake for their daily catches and their business. The excesive pollution has led extinction to most of the flora and fauna living around or in the lake. Also, diseases are spreading villages and towns near the lake. Over 30 million people living in poverty, depend on this lake, but it’s state is getting worse and worse by the minute. Lake victoria promoting water as a shared resource in Lake Victoria and the surrounding areas can be possible with the help of you delegates. To solve ths problem, the delegate believes that we should stop the factories and any cause of pollution from coming into the lake itself. This way the lake could be cleaned without having any other problems bothering it. Also, the lake would once again be available to animals to live and breed in.

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) Research Paper

Statuses and roles correspond (Sociology) - Research Paper Example Status is important since along with it are the different set of rights, obligations and roles of an individual is defined. While ascribed status is more of an association with your family and your group, race or economic standing, achieved status is more of an effort of the individual and is more fluid and changes over time. My own status as a middle-class individual or part of the common people is associated with my financial standing in the society. Living in a foreign land, my status as a foreigner gives me a reputation that I am not one of the people in this land and that I may seem different. Though through time, I have gained the status as a student and a manicurist, the roles and responsibilities assigned to be are limited by my ascribed status. Being a student also limits my roles, responsibilities and opportunities since I have yet to go up the status ladder. I believe that my master status right now is being a foreigner in this land, being a different nationality and being an employed student. The ascribed and achieved status that I have been assigned to is how the society sees me and in turn, the status I am in is how the society expects me to act and work with the flow of the